Chemical compositions and radiative properties of dust and anthropogenic air masses study in Taipei Basin, Taiwan, during spring of 2004

Asia is one of the major sources of not only mineral dust but also anthropogenic aerosols. Continental air masses associated with the East Asian winter monsoon always contain high contents of mineral dust and anthropogenic species and transported southeastward to Taiwan, which have significant influences on global atmospheric radiation transfer directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation in each spring. However, few measurements for the long-range transported aerosol and its optical properties were announced in this area, between the Western Pacific and the southeastern coast of Mainland China. The overall objective of this work is to quantify the optical characteristics of different aerosol types in the Eastern Asian. In order to achieve this objective, meteorological parameters, concentrations of PM₁₀ and its soluble species, and optical property of atmospheric scattering coefficients were measured continuously with 1 h time-resolved from 11 February to 7 April 2004 in Taipei Basin (25°00′N, 121°32′E). In this work, the dramatic changes of meteorological parameters such as temperature and winds were used to determine the influenced period of each air mass. Continental, strong continental, marine, and stagnant air masses defined by the back-trajectory analysis and local meteorology were further characterized as long-range transport pollution, dust, clean marine, and local pollution aerosols, respectively, according to the diagnostic ratios. The aerosol mass scattering efficiency of continental pollution, dust, clean marine, and local pollution aerosols were ranged from 1.3 to 1.6, 0.7 to 1.0, 1.4 and 1.4 to 2.3 m² g⁻¹, respectively. Overall, there are two distinct populations of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies, one for an aerosol chemical composition dominated by dust (<1.0 m² g⁻¹) and the other for an aerosol chemical composition dominated by anthropogenic pollutants (1.3–2.3 m² g⁻¹), which were similar to the previous measurements with high degree of temporal resolution.     

南京冬季气溶胶消光特性及霾天气低能见度特征

利用2015年1月气溶胶散射和吸收系数、PM_2.5质量浓度、大气能见度以及常规气象观测数据,分析了南京冬季大气气溶胶散射系数与吸收系数的变化特征,给出了散射系数与吸收系数对大气消光的贡献,以及能见度与PM_2.5质量浓度和相对湿度的关系.结果表明,观测期间南京大气气溶胶的散射系数和吸收系数分别为(423.4±265.3) Mm^-1和(24.5±14.3) Mm^-1,对大气消光的贡献分别为89.2%和5.2%,表明大气消光主要贡献来自于气溶胶的散射.散射系数与PM_2.5相关性较好(R²=0.91),能见度随PM_2.5质量浓度呈指数下降,也与相对湿度保持一定负相关性.能见度均值为4.3km,且连续出现能见度不足2km的低能见度天气,霾天气下消光系数和PM_2.5质量浓度大幅超过非霾天气,最高值分别达到1471.2Mm^-1和358 μg/m³,霾天气下能见度的降低来自颗粒物与相对湿度的共同影响.     

溶解无机碳的拉曼光谱定量分析可行性研究

海水溶解无机碳(DIC)的平均浓度约为2.05mmol/L,其中HCO3-占93%, CO32-为6%,CO2和H2CO3共1%.HCO3-的拉曼散射活性太弱,而其他成分的浓度又过低,使得海水中DIC组分不能产生明显的拉曼散射强度,目前还未见有关溶解无机碳拉曼光谱定量分析的报道.为突破这一局限,本研究探索了一种碱化辅助的拉曼定量分析方法,以海水DIC中拉曼活性最低、占比例最大的HCO3-为研究对象进行了可行性实验研究.通过碱化处理(100mL样品中添加NaOH试剂15mg)将HCO3-转化为拉曼活性更强的CO32-,有效提高了拉曼光谱系统对HCO3-的检出限(<3mmol/L).定量分析使用内标定法,选取水在~1635cm-1附近的O—H弯曲振动谱带作为标定物.实验结果显示,该方法对与海水中浓度相当的低浓度HCO3-溶液的定量分析具有良好的精度(相对误差<6.5%).     

天津城区春季大气气溶胶消光特性研究

利用天津大气边界层观测站2011年4月1日~5月10日气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数、PM2.5质量浓度、大气能见度和常规气象观测数据,分析了气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的变化特征,以及气溶胶消光系数与PM2.5质量浓度和大气能见度的关系,并对两种方法计算的消光系数进行了比较.结果表明,观测期间天津城区气溶胶散射系数为369.93 Mm-1,对大气消光贡献为86.7%,气溶胶吸收系数为36.32 Mm-1,对大气消光贡献为8.5%,单次散射反照率为0.91;气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的日变化特征具有明显的双峰结构,对应于早晚交通高峰;不同天气类型下其日分布特征存在较大差异,霾日散射系数和吸收系数最高,沙尘日和降水日次之,晴日最低;气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数与PM2.5质量浓度呈线性正相关,与大气能见度呈指数负相关,观测期间气溶胶质量散射效率均值为2.95m2/g;采用Koschmieder’s公式反算能见度获得的大气消光系数,与通过测量气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶吸收系数、气体散射系数和气体吸收系数等分量加和获得的消光系数相比一致性较好,高相对湿度天气下能见度反算值高于各系数加和值.     

北京PM2.5背景值定值方法及其变化特征研究

通过气团识别方式,确定了较强气团判别指标,定量评估了较强气团对北京上甸子区域大气本底站PM2.5浓度影响.结果显示,偏北风过程中PM2.5的背景值介于10.3~13.5μg/m3,平均值为(11.7±1.3)μg/m3;偏南风过程中PM2.5的背景值介于60.2~92.6μg/m3,平均值为(76.2±12.8)μg/m3.偏北风过程中,PM2.5背景值变化趋势不明显;偏南风过程中,PM2.5背景浓度呈线性下降趋势,下降速率为5.5μg/(m3×a).2009~2012年期间,区域本底站观测到的PM2.5年均值变化不大,这与北京地区的局地产生的二次PM2.5逐步增大有关,在一定程度上抵消了区域背景值下降的影响.当出现系统性偏南风时,北京以南区域输送对北京当地PM2.5浓度增加的平均贡献接近60%,但是自2009年开始逐步下降,截止2012年该贡献降低到44%.     

苏州市气溶胶消光特性及其对灰霾特征的影响

为研究气溶胶消光特性对城市灰霾特征及形成的影响机制,采用2010年1月─2013年12月4 a的苏州市逐时散射系数、能见度、颗粒物质量浓度以及风速、风向、气温、气压、相对湿度等数据,对该市气溶胶散射系数、消光特性及影响因子进行了研究. 结果表明:苏州市气溶胶散射系数为(301.1±251.3)Mm-1,日变化呈双峰型,早高峰出现在07:00─08:00,晚高峰出现在20:00─21:00;其年内变化呈夏季低、冬季高. 气溶胶散射系数与ρ(PM_2.5)的相关系数为0.77,高于与ρ(PM₁)和ρ(PM₁₀)的相关性,PM_2.5散射效率为6.08 m2/g. 气溶胶散射系数受风速、风向等气象要素的影响:风速<4 m/s时,气溶胶散射系数下降迅速;风速在4～6 m/s时,气溶胶散射系数随风速下降缓慢. 苏州市气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.84,散射消光比平均值为0.79,说明该地区气溶胶消光以散射性气溶胶为主. 气溶胶散射消光、气溶胶吸收消光、空气分子散射消光、NO₂吸收消光分别占大气消光的82.33%、13.63%、2.72%和1.32%. 研究表明,对气溶胶散射消光贡献最大的非吸收性PM_2.5是苏州市能见度下降、灰霾增加的最重要原因.      

基于生物光谱技术的污染物毒性效应研究进展

生物光谱技术能够有效反映生物、组织以及细胞等样本中生物化学的综合信息,能够精确检测和评价生物分子成分或构象的微观变化,具有快速、客观、无损、重现性好等优点。本文系统综述了生物光谱技术在环境污染物毒性效应研究方面的进展,其中常用的2种技术是红外光谱和拉曼光谱技术。红外光谱技术目前已被广泛用于单一污染物(重金属、有机污染物、纳米材料等)以及复合污染对细胞、植物、动物以及微生物的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂质、DNA/RNA、多糖以及碳水化合物等方面的影响研究之中;拉曼光谱技术包括常规拉曼技术和表面增强拉曼光谱技术,二者均可以用于污染物的毒性效应研究之中,表面增强拉曼光谱技术具有信噪比高、检测限低、灵敏度高等特点,并提供丰富的细胞生物化学指纹图谱信息。数据处理是生物光谱技术应用的重要一环,光谱数据分析大致分为光谱数据预处理、提取光谱信息特征、以及信息分类和光谱特征峰解析3个部分。本研究结果将为进一步系统地开展生物光谱技术在污染物毒性效应方面的研究提供支持。     

LAKE WATER COLOR: COMPARISON OF DIRECT OBSERVATIONS WITH UNDERWATER SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE1

ABSTRACT: The water color in 14 lakes of diverse optical character has been computed from near-surface upwelling irradiance spectra recorded by a submersible spectroradiometer. In these lakes the hues corresponding to irradiance spectra are in reasonable agreement with Munsell hue matches obtained directly by observation in the field. The simple field technique for hue matching using the Munsell standards was broadly validated by this spectroradiometric study. The technique is recommended for further study by limnologists and water resource managers as a potential additional tool for characterizing waters.     

Airborne Dust Particle Counting Techniques

The paper briefly describes an electro-optical system for counting of dust particles, which is based on the scattering phenomena.Utilizing the scattering of light by various size particles present in the environment, various particle counting techniques have been developed in order to measure the scattered intensity of light. Light scatters in all directions but much more in the so-called near forward direction 17^∘ off axis, at 163^∘ from the light source in the visible range.On the basis of two techniques, the right angle and forward angle scattering, opto-mechanical systems have been developed which measure scattered intensity and particulate matter. The forward scattering Nephelometer is more sensitive and therefore is more suitable for pollution monitoring than the right angle scattering Nephelometer. Whereas the right angle scattering Nephelometer has the utility in extremely low concentration in ppb level owing to the excellent light trap efficiency in comparison to forward scattering Nephelometer. In this paper measurement techniques and measurement results associated with design and development of a real time particle analyser are also discussed.     

巢湖水体散射和后向散射特性研究

湖泊水体散射特性的研究对湖泊水色要素遥感反演模型的发展具有重要的意义.本研究利用AC-S和ECO-BB9实测了巢湖水体的散射系数和后向散射系数,在分析光谱变化特性的基础上,构建了悬浮颗粒物散射系数和后向散射系数的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为0.86和3.24.研究发现悬浮颗粒物散射系数与TSM和ISM都存在较好的线性函数关系,进而提出水体中总悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.6364(10-3m2·mg-1),无机悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.9108(10-3m2·mg-1).同时,分析了悬浮颗粒物后向散射率和折射指数的变化,其变化范围分别为0.003～0.026和1.02～1.06.